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〕}} ''Zhōnghuá Mínguó'' |common_name = Taiwan |image_flag = Flag of the Republic of China.svg |alt_flag = A red flag, with a small blue rectangle in the top left hand corner on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. |image_coat = Republic of China National Emblem.svg |symbol_type = National Emblem |alt_coat = A blue circular emblem on which sits a white sun composed of a circle surrounded by 12 rays. |image_map = Taiwan on the globe (Southeast Asia centered).svg |map_caption = Location of Taiwan (red) on the globe |image_map2 = Locator map of the ROC Taiwan.svg |map_caption2 = Territory under the control of the Republic of China |alt_map2 = A map depicting the territory under the control of the Republic of China in East Asia and in the World |national_anthem = center ---- Flag anthem: center|capital = Taipei |latd=25 |latm=02 |lats=00 |latNS=N |longd=121 |longm=38 |longs=00 |longEW=E |largest_city = New Taipei |official_languages = Mandarin |regional_languages = Taiwanese Hokkien Hakka Formosan languages Fuzhou dialect |languages_type = Official script |languages = Traditional Chinese |ethnic_groups = }} }} |demonym = Taiwanese〔 |government_type = Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Ma Ying-jeou |leader_title2 = Vice-President |leader_name2 = Wu Den-yih |leader_title3 = Premier |leader_name3 = Mao Chi-kuo |leader_title4 = President of the Legislative Yuan |leader_name4 = Wang Jin-pyng |leader_title5 = President of the Judicial Yuan |leader_name5 = Rai Hau-min |leader_title6 = President of the Examination Yuan |leader_name6 = Wu Jin-lin |leader_title7 = President of the Control Yuan |leader_name7 = Chang Po-ya |legislature = Legislative Yuan |area_km2 = 36,193〔 |area_sq_mi = 13,974 |area_rank = 136th |area_magnitude = 1 E10 |population_estimate = 23,461,708〔 |population_estimate_year = July 2015 |population_estimate_rank = 52nd |population_density_km2 = 644 |population_density_sq_mi = 1,664 |population_density_rank = 17th |GDP_PPP = $1,021.607 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Republic of China (Taiwan) )〕 |GDP_PPP_rank = 21st |GDP_PPP_year = 2014 |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $43,599〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 17th |GDP_nominal = $505.452 billion〔 |GDP_nominal_rank = 26th |GDP_nominal_year = 2014 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $21,571〔 |GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 39th |sovereignty_type = Establishment |sovereignty_note = from the Xinhai Revolution |established_event1 = Wuchang Uprising |established_date1 = 10 October 1911 |established_event2 = Republic established |established_date2 = 1 January 1912 |established_event3 = Current constitution |established_date3 = 25 December 1947 |established_event4 = Retreat to Taipei due to Chinese Civil War. |established_date4 = |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = |Gini = 34.2 |Gini_ref = |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2014 |HDI_change = increase |HDI = 0.882 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 21st |currency = New Taiwan dollar (NT$) |currency_code = TWD |country_code = TPE |time_zone = National Standard Time |utc_offset = +8 |date_format = }} |民國yy年m月d日}} |drives_on = right |cctld = |calling_code = +886 }} Taiwan (; ; see below), officially the Republic of China (ROC; ), is a sovereign state in East Asia. The Republic of China, originally based in mainland China, now governs the island of Taiwan, which constitutes more than 99% of its territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu, and other minor islands, following its loss of the mainland China territory in 1949 in the Chinese Civil War. This remaining area is also constitutionally called the "Free Area of the Republic of China" which is free from Communist rule. Neighboring states include the People's Republic of China (PRC) to the west (mainland China), Japan to the east and northeast, and the Philippines to the south. Taiwan is one of the most densely populated countries in the world with a population density of 648 people per km2 in July 2015.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://eng.stat.gov.tw/point.asp?index=9 )〕 Taipei is the seat of the central government,〔 and together with the surrounding cities of New Taipei and Keelung forms the largest metropolitan area on the island. The island of Taiwan (formerly known as "''Formosa''") was mainly inhabited by Taiwanese aborigines until the Dutch and Spanish settlement during the Age of Discovery in the 17th century, when Han Chinese began immigrating to the island. In 1662, the pro-Ming loyalist Koxinga expelled the Dutch and established the first Han Chinese polity on the island, the Kingdom of Tungning. The Qing dynasty of China later defeated the kingdom and annexed Taiwan. By the time Taiwan was ceded to Japan in 1895, the majority of Taiwan's inhabitants were Han Chinese either by ancestry or by assimilation. The Republic of China (ROC) was established in mainland China in 1912. After Japan's surrender in 1945, the ROC assumed its control of Taiwan. Following the Chinese civil war, the Communist Party of China took full control of mainland China and founded the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949. The ROC relocated its government to Taiwan, and its jurisdiction became limited to Taiwan and its surrounding islands, with the main island making up 99% of its ''de facto'' territory. Despite this, the ROC continued to represent China at the United Nations until 1971, when the PRC assumed China's seat via Resolution 2758 and the ROC lost its UN membership. International recognition of the ROC has gradually eroded as most countries switched recognition to the PRC. and the Holy See currently maintain official diplomatic relations with the ROC. It has unofficial ties with most other states via its representative offices. Ongoing issues of Cross-Strait relations as well as the political status of Taiwan are major factors of contention in Taiwanese politics and a cause of social and political division among political parties and their respective supporters within the country. Constitutionally, there is dispute over whether the ROC still lays claim to the sovereignty over all of "China", in a definition that includes mainland China and Outer Mongolia based on its pre-1949 territories. Since 1992, the ROC has not made retaking mainland China a political goal. However, the government's stance on defining its political position of relation with China largely depends on which political coalition is in charge. Meanwhile, the PRC also asserts itself to be the sole legal representation of China and claims Taiwan as its 23rd province to be under its sovereignty, denying the status and existence of ROC as a sovereign state. The PRC has threatened the use of military force as a response to any formal declaration of Taiwanese independence, or if it deems peaceful reunification no longer possible. During the latter half of the 20th century, Taiwan experienced rapid economic growth and industrialization and is now an advanced industrial economy. In the 1980s and early 1990s, Taiwan evolved into a multi-party democracy with universal suffrage. Taiwan is one of the Four Asian Tigers and a member of the WTO and APEC. The 21st-largest economy in the world, its high-tech industry plays a key role in the global economy. Taiwan is ranked highly in terms of freedom of the press, health care, public education, economic freedom, and human development.〔 ==Names== (詳細はPortuguese sailors sighted the main island of Taiwan and named it ''Ilha Formosa'', which means "beautiful island". The name "Formosa" eventually "replaced all others in European literature" and was in common use in English in the early 20th century.〔see for example: * * *〕 In the early 17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a commercial post at Fort Zeelandia (modern-day Anping) on a coastal sandbar they called "Tayouan". This name was also adopted into the Chinese vernacular (in particular, Hokkien, as ) as the name of the sandbar and nearby area (modern-day Tainan). The modern word "Taiwan" is derived from this usage, which has also been written as and in various Chinese historical records. The area of modern-day Tainan was the first permanent settlement by Western colonists and Chinese immigrants, grew to be the most important trading center, and served as the capital of the island until 1887. Use of the current Chinese name was formalized as early as 1684 with the establishment of Taiwan Prefecture. Through its rapid development, the entire Formosan mainland eventually became known as "Taiwan". The official name of the state is the "''Republic of China''"; it has also been known under various names throughout its existence. Shortly after the ROC's establishment in 1912, while it was still located on the Asian mainland, the government used the abbreviation "China" (') to refer to itself. During the 1950s and 1960s, it was common to refer to it as "Nationalist China" (or "Free China") to differentiate it from "Communist China" (or "Red China"). It was a member of the UN representing "''China''" until 1971, when it lost its seat to the People's Republic of China. Over subsequent decades, the Republic of China has become commonly known as "Taiwan", after the island that composes most of its controlled territory. This is the main reason for the confusing and completely different names. In some contexts, especially official ones from the ROC government, the name is written as "Republic of China (Taiwan)", "Republic of China/Taiwan", or sometimes "Taiwan (ROC)."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Office of President of the Republic of China (Taiwan) )〕 The Republic of China participates in most international forums and organizations under the name "Chinese Taipei" due to diplomatic pressure from the PRC. For instance, it is the name under which it has competed at the Olympic Games since 1984, and its name as an observer at the World Health Organization. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Taiwan」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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